Shiva, Universal Guru, Dakshinamurti

Shiva as Dakshinamurti represents the Guru, the teacher, He who initiates and gives knowledge to those who seek it. He is the personification of supreme knowledge and wisdom. And he is worshipped as the god of divine wisdom.

Shiva as Dakshinamurthy

Dakshina first means the right direction. For almost all auspicious acts and rituals we face East, because the East is where the sun rises every day. It is where auspiciousness is born. When we face East, our right hand side is the South. That is how the Southern direction came to be know as 'dakshina'. And Shiva in his aspect of divine teacher is always facing South and is therefore called Dakshinamurti. When we enter a temple in southern India and follow the prakara in the clock-wise direction, we find Dakshinamurti in the central niche of the southern wall of the sanctum.

Around him sit four sages who are named Sanatkumara (always a youth), Sanaka (ancient), Sanatana (eternal), Sanandana (having joy). They are born from the mind of Brahma and live eternally as Brahmacaris. With the chin mudra Dakshinamurti and with great silence he teaches his four sishyas or disciples the meaning of Brahma Vidya, the knowledge of Brahman. The significance of Brahma Vidya is to realise Parabrahmam or the divine knowledge or wisdom. To know about the Brahmam is to know about the Paramatma. Through this teaching they receive all kinds of knowledge and wisdom.

Dakshinamurthy sits in a yogic pose called veerasana. He sits on a tiger skin which shows his yogic powers. With one leg he connects to our world, the world of ignorance and illusion. His other leg is folded across in a yogic pose, generating the energy. In his hair he wears the crescent moon. On his forehead is his third eye. In his four hands he holds his attributes. The tradition reaches us about 108 forms of Dakshinamurti. Among these Jñana Dakshinamurthy, Samhara Dakshinamurthy, Lakudi Dakshinamurthy, Yoga Dakshinamurthy, Metha Dakshinamurthy, Samba Dakshinamurthy and Veenadhara Dakshinamurthy are the most familiar.

He sits under the asvattha tree. This is the sacred tree which is described in the Veda as having its roots in heaven and its branches below in our world. It is the tree which represents the cosmos. Of tis it is said in the Katha Upanishad

“This is That eternal Asvattha Tree with its root above and branches below. That root, indeed, is called the Bright. That is Brahman, and That alone is the Immortal. In That all worlds are contained, and none can pass beyond. This verily is That.”

(Katha Upanishad II.iii.1)

When we worship this great lord who offers us darshan under that Cosmic Tree we will receive great knowledge and wisdom.

Kandhan Raja

The Amrita Kalasa of Kumbhakonam

Brahma saw the cosmic flood that would end the Dvapara Yuga was approaching and prayed to Shiva to be given the shrishtha-bija, the cosmic seed of creation. Shiva re-assured Brahma not to worry but to follow his directions as follows. “Mix soil with amrita (ambrosia, drink of immortality) and water and put this in an unbreakable kumbha (pot). Adorn this pot with a sacred thread made of the radiance of the amrita, and place the shrishtha-bija in the center. Then you pack it on the four sides with the Vedas, agamas, puranas and itihatas. Your pour the amrita on it, and insert the mango leaves and cap the pot with a coconut and kusha grass. Offer archana (worship) with vilva leaves to this kumbha and place it in an uzhi (net). Tie the net around the neck of the pot and hang it on Meru (cosmic mountain) without tilting. When the flood arrives which is the end of the world, the pralaya, it will shake the pot and move it towards the South. Where it comes to rest you can start the new creation.”

Brahma followed Shiva’s instructions and when the pralaya came the kumbha floated towards the South and eventually reached what came to be known as Chola Nadu. There, at one particular place it started whirling. Because of the whirling the mango leaves and the kusha grass were dislodged from the pot and fell down. There the mango leaves became the Vanni tree, and the kusha grass became a Shiva Linga called Darbha Linga. This Linga is surrounded by seven goddesses in the form of water. This sacred place came to be known as Shri Amrita Kalasa temple in the village now called Sarkottai.

The kumbha floated further to the Vayu-dik (the North-Westerly direction). After some distance a prophecy appeared and announced this is the holiest place on earth. The water subsided immediately and the pot came to rest. All this time Brahma followed the pot like iron follows the magnet.

Shiva witnessed all these events from Kailasa, informed Devi he is going there and took the form of a kirata, a hunter. Arriving at Tiruvidaimarudur he found the amrita kalasa, pointed it out to Shastha and asked him if he had an arrow with which to break the pot in one shot. Shastha gave the arrow and said to Shiva that whatever was His will should happen. Shiva thought to himself that this was not the arrow that could break the pot, the truth will be revealed [?]. Shiva bended the bow, and when he released the arrow it went faster than the wind. It hit the amrita kalasa but nothing happened. Shastha bend his head and looked down at the earth.

After this Lord moved a little bit towards the West and shot another arrow at the pot. This time the arrow broke the amrita kalasa. The mouth of the pot jumped in the air and landed some distance towards the Agni Mulai (South-East). There it became a Linga called Kunda Linga Koneshar (in Kudavasal/Kudavayil, app. 20 km to the South-East). The place where Shiva stood when he shot the arrow is now called Banapuram and the Linga there is called Banapurishvara.

The pot broke in two pieces because of the Lord’s blessing. The amrita spread in four directions and flowed a distance of 5 krosha like a river. It spread everywhere.

The uzhi (net), the vilva, the coconut, and the holy thread which all were part of the amrita kalasa spread in all directions and became lingas. The uzhi or net became the Sikkesar Linga (Somanatha temple). The vilva became the vilva forest with the Vilva Linga Ishvara at its center (Nageshvara temple). The coconut became a red coconut tree with the Nalikesaran Linga at its foot (Abhimukeshvara temple). Finally the sacred thread became the Yajnopavita Ishvara (Gautameswara temple)

To give a space for the amrita and the water from the pot, the Earth opened and gave two spaces, now called the Potramarai kulam and Mahamagha tirtha.

All the water of the pralaya flowed away and dried up. The ghona (nose) of the pot was left on the ground. In his Kirata (hunter) form Shiva approached the part of the pot that was left on the dry ground. With the ghona of the pot as a base Lord Shiva made a Linga out of amrita-sand from within the pot and performed ablution to this Linga with the amrita from the pot. Brahma and all Devas joined in the worship. Lord Shiva merged into the Linga and disappeared. There upon the Linga started shining like a jyothi (light). Al the Devas prayed that Uma Maheshvari (Shiva’s consort) should also be present there. The Lord invoked goddess Uma on the left side of the Linga and she was named Mangala Nayaki. Brahma immediately created a temple around the Linga and goddess (Adi-Kumbeshvara temple) and started the festival. All this took place in the month of Magha. The festival was celebrated for 9 days, and on the 10th day the tirthavari was performed in the Mahamagha Tirtha. In this way the Brahmotsava is celebrated every year.

The nine river goddesses Ganga, Yamuna, Saraswati, Sarayu, Sindhu, Narmada, Godavari, Krishna and Cauveri were suffering of the burden of all the sins of the people who bathed in them. They approached Lord Visvanathan of Varanasi and asked him what to do. He instructed them to go to Kumbakonam and bathe in the Mahamagha tirtha. All impurity would be washed away from them, and they would be fresh. Thus once in twelve years the nine rivers are assembling together in this tirtha. All people who bath here on that day will be cleansed of sins and impurity, and so will be 101 generations of their ancestors. When the sun is in the constellation Kumbha (Aquarius), and the moon is full in the nakshatra Magha, and Guru, the planet Jupiter, resides in Simha (Leo), the Mahamagha festival is celebrated and a million people bathe in the Mahamagha tirtha.



Kumbakonam: also called Kudandai and Kudamukku, an ancient town in Tamil Nadu on the bank of the river Kaveri.
Brahma: Deva or god, one of the Trimurti or trinity, responsible for creation.
Shiva: Ishvara, Lord God, also one of the trimurti.
Dvapara yuga: the third yuga in the cosmic cycle of Krita, Treta, Dvapara and Kali.
pralaya: the flood of the end of one creation, after which another creation will begin.
kumbha and kalasa: a pot
shristhi: creation
bija: seed
Veda: primary sacred texts of the ancient and later Hindu Indian civilization
agama: sacred texts instructing about temple ritual, architecture, doctrine.
purana: sacred texts on mythology and doctrine
itihasa: history.
kusha: a grass that is sacred and used in Vedic and Agamic ritual.
archana: praise, form of worship
uzhi: a net (Tamil word)
vilva: a tree sacred to Lord Shiva the leaves of which are used in ritual.
Meru: Cosmic mountain
Chola Nadu: that part of Tamil Nadu in South India that is the home country of the Chola dynasty.
vanni: sacred tree
Sarkottai: a village to the South-East of Kumbakonam
vayu-dik: the north-western direction, of which the god Vayu, Wind, is the regent.
Devi: Goddess
kirata: a hunter, one of the forms Shiva sometimes uses.
Tiruvidaimarudur: village app. 7 km. to the East of Kumbakonam.
Shastha: son of Shiva
ghona: nose
Linga: the abstract form-less-form of Shiva.
jyothi: light
Magha: one of the nakshatras or lunar mansions, part of the constellation Simha/Leo. Also the name of the month in which the moon is full in conjunction with this nakshatra, which is always when the sun resides in Kumbha/Aquarius
tirtha: crossing, ford, sacred water place, can be a pond, a river or the sea.
tirthavari: festival and ritual in which a deity is taken in procession to the sacred water place and is ritually bathed there.